野生新疆桃抗酸碱盐性评价

为探明野生新疆桃抗酸碱盐种质资源价值,以360株野生新疆桃实生苗为试材,采用pH 3.5H3PO4溶液、pH 9.5KOH溶液和0.4%NaCl溶液灌根处理的方法,评价其对酸、碱和盐的抗性。结果表明:1)野生新疆桃为极强抗酸型树种,实生个体间抗性差异显著,分离为极强、强、中等3种抗酸型植株,分别占群体总数的86%、9%和5%。2)野生新疆桃为极强抗碱型树种,实生个体间抗性差异显著,分离为极强抗和强抗2种抗碱型植株,极强抗碱型和强抗碱型植株分别占群体总数的98%和2%。3)野生新疆桃为弱抗盐型树种,其实生个体间抗性分离广泛,存在极强、强、中等、弱、极弱全部5种抗盐型植株,分别占群体总数的8%、9%、19%、61%和3%。结果显示,野生新疆桃是优良的抗酸碱型砧木树种和抗酸碱盐型种质资源。     

盐处理对鱼类冻结特性的影响研究

为了研究盐分对鱼类冻结特性的影响,将5种新鲜鱼类分别浸泡在盐度为0％、5％、10％ 、20％的盐溶液中24 h后,采集样品的温度变化数据,绘制出冻结曲线,比较各盐度下各冻结特性值的不同.结果表明:盐处理后鱼类的冻结点显著降低,且随着盐度的增加,冻结速率降低,最大冰晶生成带通过时间延长,过冷却现象明显.     

盐胁迫对杂草稻和水稻种子萌发特性的影响

为了研究盐胁迫下杂草稻和栽培稻种子萌发特性的差异,分别选择了泰州、丹东和肇庆地区的3 个杂 草稻生物型及1 个杂交水稻和1 个常规水稻品种,采用室内培养,进行了盐胁迫对杂草稻和栽培稻种子萌发特性的 影响研究。结果表明,随着盐浓度增加,杂草稻和栽培稻种子的发芽率、发芽势、芽长、主胚根长和鲜重均显著降低; 可溶性糖含量随着盐浓度增加而降低,表现为特优航1 号跃泰州杂草稻跃丹东杂草稻跃肇庆杂草稻跃华航31 号;丙二 醛含量随着盐浓度增加而升高,表现为华航31 号跃肇庆杂草稻跃丹东杂草稻跃泰州杂草稻跃特优航1 号;脯氨酸含量 随着盐浓度增加而降低,表现为特优航1 号跃泰州杂草稻跃丹东杂草稻跃肇庆杂草稻跃华航31 号。     

盐度对脊尾白虾存活、生长和蜕壳的影响

研究了盐度突变对脊尾白虾成活的影响,以及水体盐度(0、6‰、12‰、18‰)对单个体养殖条件下脊尾白虾生长、成活和蜕壳的影响.结果表明:(1)盐度由6‰到0的突变组,脊尾白虾的成活率最低,96 h成活率仅为6.67％;而盐度由6‰至12‰、18‰的突变组,96 h的成活率均在93％以上.(2)单个体养殖试验结果表明,随着水体盐度提高(盐度0～12‰条件下),脊尾白虾最终体长、总体长增长率和成活率均有增加趋势;盐度超过12‰时,总体长增长率显著下降,但成活率变化不大.(3)盐度对脊尾白虾的蜕壳周期有一定影响,盐度12‰组虾的第1次、第5次、第8次和第9次蜕壳周期最长;整体上,盐度12‰组平均蜕壳周期最长(9.57 d),盐度0组平均蜕壳周期相对较短(8.47 d).因此,脊尾白虾对盐度低于6‰的水体适应性较差,盐度12‰有利于提高该虾的生长速度和成活率.     

黄河三角洲滨海棉田土壤盐分特征研究

采用相关分析和主成分分析方法对黄河三角洲棉田试验区土壤盐分特征进行研究,结果表明,试验区土壤为中度盐渍化,且盐分呈现一定的表聚现象;土壤各层盐基离子中,阳离子以Na⁺为主,阴离子以Cl^-为主,这两种离子对棉花生长的毒害作用尤为突出;土壤盐分含量与Na⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、NO₃^2-、HCO₃^2-离子含量均呈极显著正相关;Na⁺、Cl^- 及SO₄^2-是影响试验区棉田盐渍化的主要特征因子。本研究结果可为黄河三角洲地区盐渍化土地科学管理和农业可持续发展提供理论基础和实践依据。     

长江径流对河口及邻近海区渔业影响的初步研究

根据对近年调查资料的分析，本文试就长江径流变化对邻近海区理化环境的影响、对河口及邻近海区的浮游动物的数量分布以及渔业的影响等方面进行了讨论。长江径流的变化关系到邻近海区温、盐度和冲淡水的分布，并且存在着较强的相关；不少经济鱼类的渔场正位于浮游动物总生物量高区，而近海浮游动物总生物量与长江径流量之间有着显著的正相关关系；径流量的变化不仅改变渔场位置，而且影响海区渔获量的变化。文中着重讨论了长江口、舟山和鱼山渔场的带鱼、鲐鲹鱼的分布，渔场形成，渔获量的大小与径流量关系．     

Salinity tolerance during early development of threatened Murray hardyhead (Craterocephalus fluviatilis) to guide environmental watering

1. The worldwide reduction in wetlands has led to the large‐scale decline of wetland‐dependent species. In Australia, to redress some of the decline, partial restoration of the hydrology of a small number of wetlands has been attempted using allocations of environmental water.
2. A common goal of the watering is the maintenance and enhancement of native fish communities, which historically have included populations of the salt tolerant Murray hardyhead (Craterocephalus fluviatilis), a small, short‐lived fish, endemic to the lower Murray–Darling Basin.
3. Despite the addition of environmental water to several sites at which the species is known to persist, populations continue to decline. This decline is, at least in part, suspected to be a consequence of salinities that conflict with the breeding ecology and survival of early life stages.
4. Here the effect of salinity on egg hatch rate and the upper salinity tolerance of larval and juvenile Murray hardyhead was determined under laboratory conditions. It was found that eggs were vulnerable to elevated salinities, whereas juveniles were capable of tolerating salinities up to 105 ppt.
5. Based on the results of the experiment, brackish wetlands managed for Murray hardyhead should be maintained, where possible, between 12 and 45 ppt. Such a salinity regime will necessitate less intensive management of salinity, and a reduced volume of environmental water, providing both environmental and fiscal benefits. The research highlights the benefits of investment in targeted research.

     

Effect of hypo- and hyper-saline conditions on osmolarity and fatty acid composition of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) fed low- and high-HUFA diets

Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) grown in ponds are exposed to salinities of less than 5 g L^?1 during inland shrimp culture or to more than 40 g L^?1 from evaporation and reduced water exchange in dry, hot climates. However, dietary requirements for shrimp grown in low or high salinities are not well defined, particularly for fatty acids. Feeding shrimp postlarvae with highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) enhances tolerance to acute exposure to low salinity, as a result of better nutritional status, or/and specific effects of HUFA on membrane function and osmoregulation mechanisms. This study analysed the effect of HUFA supplementation (3% vs. 34%) on L. vannamei juveniles reared for 21 days at low (5 g L^?1), medium (30 g L^?1) and high salinities (50 g L^?1). Juveniles grown at 5 g L^?1 had lower survival compared with controls (30 g L^?1) or shrimp grown at 50 g L^?1, but no significant effect on survival was observed as a result of HUFA enrichment. In contrast, growth was significantly lower for shrimp grown at 50 g L^?1, but this effect was compensated by the HUFA‐enriched diet. Osmotic pressure in haemolymph was affected by salinity, but not by HUFA enrichment. Shrimp fed HUFA‐enriched diets had significantly higher levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in hepatopancreas and gills. These results demonstrate that growth at high salinities is enhanced with diets containing high HUFA levels, but that HUFA‐enriched diets have no effect on shrimp reared at low salinities.     

Dietary magnesium requirement and physiological responses of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity water

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the dietary magnesium (Mg) requirement and physiological responses of Litopenaeus vannamei in low salinity water of 2 g L^?1. Casein–gelatin‐based diets supplemented with seven levels of Mg (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 8.0 g kg^?1) were fed to juvenile shrimp. Prior to the experiment, the postlarvae were gradually acclimated to the low salinity media and fed with a basal diet (0.5 g Mg kg^?1) for 2 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding, survival ranged from 80.11% to 85.65% with no significant difference among the treatments. Hepatopancreas Mg²⁺‐ATPase and Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase activities and muscle content of lipid and protein were not significantly affected by graded levels of Mg. The weight gain and mineral (calcium, potassium, sodium and total phosphorus) content of different tissues were significantly affected by dietary Mg levels, while there were no significant differences in ash and zinc content in tissues. The Mg content in tissues except hepatopancreas was maintained relatively constant regardless of dietary treatments. The dietary Mg requirement for optimal growth was 2.60–3.46 g Mg kg^?1 by using the polynomial regression analysis based on growth.     

西北灌区地下水矿化度变化及其对作物的影响

地下水矿化度的时空变化是影响地下水资源质量和作物生长的重要因素,尤其是对主要依靠抽取地下水用于灌溉的农业地区。该文以石羊河流域为例搜集了武威、昌宁、民勤共21个灌区1981－2003年间观测站点的地下水矿化度数据,选用反距离加权法（IDW）进行空间插值处理。并结合自然因素和人类活动的影响,分析其时空变化趋势,结果显示：流域内年平均矿化度（TDS）整体呈增加趋势,且从上游向下游逐渐增高,矿化度的年际波动也从上游向下游逐渐增大。该文还分析了矿化度变化对当地主要作物的安全生长影响,研究了当地两种典型作物春小麦和棉花的适合种植范围,得出：适合两种作物的种植面积略有缩小趋势。该研究表明在一些需要采用地下水进行灌溉的西北干旱灌区,应加强对地下水矿化度的监测与控制。